Teaching Java and JavaScript

Hey Guys!

In this instructable i will teach you the basics(including what is java and java script,whole overview,environment setup and also the basic syntax) of Java and JavaScript(js).In the intro i will tell you what Java and JavaScript really are.Those who know feel free to move to the next step.

JAVA

Java is a high level programming language developed by Sun Micro Systems and released in 1995.Java runs on a variety of platforms such as Windows,Unix and Mac OS.

Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced concepts related to Java Programming language. Prerequisites Before you start practicing various types of examples given in this reference, we assume that you are already aware about computer programs and computer programming languages.

Prerequisites
Before you start practicing various types of examples given in this reference, we assume that you are already aware about computer programs and computer programming languages.

JAVA SCRIPT (JS)

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language. It is designed for creating network-centric applications. It is complimentary to and integrated with Java. JavaScript is very easy to implement because it is integrated with HTML(A topic for another time). It is open and cross-platform.

Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for JavaScript beginners to help them understand the basic functionality of JavaScript to build dynamic web pages and web applications.

Prerequisites
For this tutorial, it is assumed that the reader have a prior knowledge of HTML coding. It would help if the reader had some prior exposure to object-oriented programming concepts and a general idea on creating online applications.

What is Java?

Java programming language was originally developed by Sun Microsystems which was initiated by James Gosling and released in 1995 as core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform (Java 1.0 [J2SE]).

The latest release of the Java Standard Edition is Java SE 8. With the advancement of Java and its widespread popularity, multiple configurations were built to suit various types of platforms. For example: J2EE for Enterprise Applications, J2ME for Mobile Applications. The new J2 versions were renamed as Java SE, Java EE, and Java ME respectively. Java is guaranteed to be Write Once, Run Anywhere. Java is − Object Oriented − In Java, everything is an Object. Java can be easily extended since it is based on the Object model. Platform Independent − Unlike many other programming languages including C and C++, when Java is compiled, it is not compiled into platform specific machine, rather into platform independent byte code. This byte code is distributed over the web and interpreted by the Virtual Machine (JVM) on whichever platform it is being run on. Simple − Java is designed to be easy to learn. If you understand the basic concept of OOP Java, it would be easy to master. Secure − With Java's secure feature it enables to develop virus-free, tamper-free systems. Authentication techniques are based on public-key encryption. Architecture-neutral − Java compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file format, which makes the compiled code executable on many processors, with the presence of Java runtime system. Portable − Being architecture-neutral and having no implementation dependent aspects of the specification makes Java portable. Compiler in Java is written in ANSI C with a clean portability boundary, which is a POSIX subset. Robust − Java makes an effort to eliminate error prone situations by emphasizing mainly on compile time error checking and runtime checking. Multithreaded − With Java's multithreaded feature it is possible to write programs that can perform many tasks simultaneously. This design feature allows the developers to construct interactive applications that can run smoothly. Interpreted − Java byte code is translated on the fly to native machine instructions and is not stored anywhere. The development process is more rapid and analytical since the linking is an incremental and light-weight process. High Performance − With the use of Just-In-Time compilers, Java enables high performance. Distributed − Java is designed for the distributed environment of the internet. Dynamic − Java is considered to be more dynamic than C or C++ since it is designed to adapt to an evolving environment. Java programs can carry extensive amount of run-time information that can be used to verify and resolve accesses to objects on run-time. History of Java James Gosling initiated Java language project in June 1991 for use in one of his many set-top box projects. The language, initially called ‘Oak’ after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office, also went by the name ‘Green’ and ended up later being renamed as Java, from a list of random words. Sun released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1995. It promised Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms. On 13 November, 2006, Sun released much of Java as free and open source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). On 8 May, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of Java's core code free and open-source, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright. Tools You Will Need For performing the examples discussed in this tutorial, you will need a Pentium 200-MHz computer with a minimum of 64 MB of RAM (128 MB of RAM recommended). You will also need the following softwares − Linux 7.1 or Windows xp/7/8 operating systemJava JDK 8Microsoft Notepad or any other text editorThis tutorial will provide the necessary skills to create GUI, networking, and web applications using Java.

What is JavaScript ?

Javascript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and most commonly used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow client-side script to interact with the user and make dynamic pages. It is an interpreted programming language with object-oriented capabilities. JavaScript was first known as LiveScript, but Netscape changed its name to JavaScript, possibly because of the excitement being generated by Java. JavaScript made its first appearance in Netscape 2.0 in 1995 with the name LiveScript. The general-purpose core of the language has been embedded in Netscape, Internet Explorer, and other web browsers. The ECMA-262 Specification defined a standard version of the core JavaScript language. JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language. Designed for creating network-centric applications. Complementary to and integrated with Java. Complementary to and integrated with HTML. Open and cross-platform Client-side JavaScript Client-side JavaScript is the most common form of the language. The script should be included in or referenced by an HTML document for the code to be interpreted by the browser. It means that a web page need not be a static HTML, but can include programs that interact with the user, control the browser, and dynamically create HTML content. The JavaScript client-side mechanism provides many advantages over traditional CGI server-side scripts. For example, you might use JavaScript to check if the user has entered a valid e-mail address in a form field. The JavaScript code is executed when the user submits the form, and only if all the entries are valid, they would be submitted to the Web Server. JavaScript can be used to trap user-initiated events such as button clicks, link navigation, and other actions that the user initiates explicitly or implicitly. Advantages of JavaScript The merits of using JavaScript are − Less server interaction − You can validate user input before sending the page off to the server. This saves server traffic, which means less load on your server. Immediate feedback to the visitors − They don't have to wait for a page reload to see if they have forgotten to enter something. Increased interactivity − You can create interfaces that react when the user hovers over them with a mouse or activates them via the keyboard. Richer interfaces − You can use JavaScript to include such items as drag-and-drop components and sliders to give a Rich Interface to your site visitors. Limitations of JavaScript We cannot treat JavaScript as a full-fledged programming language. It lacks the following important features − Client-side JavaScript does not allow the reading or writing of files. This has been kept for security reason. JavaScript cannot be used for networking applications because there is no such support available. JavaScript doesn't have any multithreading or multiprocessor capabilities. Once again, JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that allows you to build interactivity into otherwise static HTML pages. JavaScript Development Tools One of major strengths of JavaScript is that it does not require expensive development tools. You can start with a simple text editor such as Notepad. Since it is an interpreted language inside the context of a web browser, you don't even need to buy a compiler. To make our life simpler, various vendors have come up with very nice JavaScript editing tools. Some of them are listed here − Microsoft FrontPage − Microsoft has developed a popular HTML editor called FrontPage. FrontPage also provides web developers with a number of JavaScript tools to assist in the creation of interactive websites. Macromedia Dreamweaver MX − Macromedia Dreamweaver MX is a very popular HTML and JavaScript editor in the professional web development crowd. It provides several handy prebuilt JavaScript components, integrates well with databases, and conforms to new standards such as XHTML and XML. Macromedia HomeSite 5 − HomeSite 5 is a well-liked HTML and JavaScript editor from Macromedia that can be used to manage personal websites effectively. Where is JavaScript Today ? The ECMAScript Edition 5 standard will be the first update to be released in over four years. JavaScript 2.0 conforms to Edition 5 of the ECMAScript standard, and the difference between the two is extremely minor. The specification for JavaScript 2.0 can be found on the following site: http://www.ecmascript.org/ Today, Netscape's JavaScript and Microsoft's JScript conform to the ECMAScript standard, although both the languages still support the features that are not a part of the standard.

In this chapter, we will discuss on the different aspects of setting up a congenial environment for Java.

Local Environment Setup
If you are still willing to set up your environment for Java programming language, then this section guides you on how to download and set up Java on your machine. Following are the steps to set up the environment. Java SE is freely available from the link Download Java. You can download a version based on your operating system. Follow the instructions to download Java and run the .exe to install Java on your machine. Once you installed Java on your machine, you will need to set environment variables to point to correct installation directories − Setting Up the Path for Windows Assuming you have installed Java in c:\Program Files\java\jdk directory − Right-click on 'My Computer' and select 'Properties'. Click the 'Environment variables' button under the 'Advanced' tab. Now, alter the 'Path' variable so that it also contains the path to the Java executable. Example, if the path is currently set to 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32', then change your path to read 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32;c:\Program Files\java\jdk\bin'. Setting Up the Path for Linux, UNIX, Solaris, FreeBSD Environment variable PATH should be set to point to where the Java binaries have been installed. Refer to your shell documentation, if you have trouble doing this. Example, if you use bash as your shell, then you would add the following line to the end of your '.bashrc: export PATH = /path/to/java:$PATH' Popular Java Editors To write your Java programs, you will need a text editor. There are even more sophisticated IDEs available in the market. But for now, you can consider one of the following − Notepad − On Windows machine, you can use any simple text editor like Notepad (Recommended for this tutorial), TextPad. Netbeans − A Java IDE that is open-source and free which can be downloaded from https://www.netbeans.org/index.html. Eclipse − A Java IDE developed by the eclipse open-source community and can be downloaded from https://www.eclipse.org/. What is Next? Next chapter will teach you how to write and run your first Java program and some of the important basic syntaxes in Java needed for developing applications.

JavaScript can be implemented using JavaScript statements that are placed within the

HTML tags in a web page.
You can place the

The script tag takes two important attributes − Language − This attribute specifies what scripting language you are using. Typically, its value will be javascript. Although recent versions of HTML (and XHTML, its successor) have phased out the use of this attribute. Type − This attribute is what is now recommended to indicate the scripting language in use and its value should be set to "text/javascript". So your JavaScript segment will look like −

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

JavaScript Code

</script>

Your First JavaScript Script Let us take a sample example to print out "Hello World". We added an optional HTML comment that surrounds our JavaScript code. This is to save our code from a browser that does not support JavaScript. The comment ends with a "//-->". Here "//" signifies a comment in JavaScript, so we add that to prevent a browser from reading the end of the HTML comment as a piece of JavaScript code. Next, we call a function document.write which writes a string into our HTML document. This function can be used to write text, HTML, or both. Take a look at the following code.

<html>

<body>

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript>

<!--

document.write("Hello World!")

</script>

</body>

</html>

This code will produce the following result − Hello World!

Whitespace and Line Breaks JavaScript ignores spaces, tabs, and newlines that appear in JavaScript programs. You can use spaces, tabs, and newlines freely in your program and you are free to format and indent your programs in a neat and consistent way that makes the code easy to read and understand. Semicolons are Optional Simple statements in JavaScript are generally followed by a semicolon character, just as they are in C, C++, and Java. JavaScript, however, allows you to omit this semicolon if each of your statements are placed on a separate line. For example, the following code could be written without semicolons.

But when formatted in a single line as follows, you must use semicolons −

is not recognized by JavaScript so it should be written as //-->.

When we consider a Java program, it can be defined as a collection of objects that communicate via invoking each other's methods. Let us now briefly look into what do class, object, methods, and instance variables mean.

Object − Objects have states and behaviors. Example: A dog has states - color, name, breed as well as behavior such as wagging their tail, barking, eating. An object is an instance of a class. Class − A class can be defined as a template/blueprint that describes the behavior/state that the object of its type supports. Methods − A method is basically a behavior. A class can contain many methods. It is in methods where the logics are written, data is manipulated and all the actions are executed. Instance Variables − Each object has its unique set of instance variables. An object's state is created by the values assigned to these instance variables. First Java Program Let us look at a simple code that will print the words Hello World.

Let's look at how to save the file, compile, and run the program. Please follow the subsequent steps −
Open notepad and add the code as above. Save the file as: MyFirstJavaProgram.java. Open a command prompt window and go to the directory where you saved the class. Assume it's C:\. Type 'javac MyFirstJavaProgram.java' and press enter to compile your code. If there are no errors in your code, the command prompt will take you to the next line (Assumption : The path variable is set). Now, type ' java MyFirstJavaProgram ' to run your program. You will be able to see ' Hello World ' printed on the window.

Basic Syntax
About Java programs, it is very important to keep in mind the following points. Case Sensitivity − Java is case sensitive, which means identifier Hello and hello would have different meaning in Java. Class Names − For all class names the first letter should be in Upper Case. If several words are used to form a name of the class, each inner word's first letter should be in Upper Case. Example: class MyFirstJavaClass Method Names − All method names should start with a Lower Case letter. If several words are used to form the name of the method, then each inner word's first letter should be in Upper Case. Example: public void myMethodName() Program File Name − Name of the program file should exactly match the class name. When saving the file, you should save it using the class name (Remember Java is case sensitive) and append '.java' to the end of the name (if the file name and the class name do not match, your program will not compile). Example: Assume 'MyFirstJavaProgram' is the class name. Then the file should be saved as 'MyFirstJavaProgram.java' public static void main(String args[]) − Java program processing starts from the main() method which is a mandatory part of every Java program. Java Identifiers All Java components require names. Names used for classes, variables, and methods are called identifiers. In Java, there are several points to remember about identifiers. They are as follows − All identifiers should begin with a letter (A to Z or a to z), currency character ($) or an underscore (_). After the first character, identifiers can have any combination of characters. A key word cannot be used as an identifier. Most importantly, identifiers are case sensitive. Examples of legal identifiers: age, $salary, _value, __1_value. Examples of illegal identifiers: 123abc, -salary. Java Modifiers Like other languages, it is possible to modify classes, methods, etc., by using modifiers. There are two categories of modifiers − Access Modifiers − default, public , protected, private Non-access Modifiers − final, abstract, strictfp We will be looking into more details about modifiers in the next section. Java Variables Following are the types of variables in Java − Local VariablesClass Variables (Static Variables)Instance Variables (Non-static Variables)Java Arrays Arrays are objects that store multiple variables of the same type. However, an array itself is an object on the heap. We will look into how to declare, construct, and initialize in the upcoming chapters. Java Enums Enums were introduced in Java 5.0. Enums restrict a variable to have one of only a few predefined values. The values in this enumerated list are called enums. With the use of enums it is possible to reduce the number of bugs in your code. For example, if we consider an application for a fresh juice shop, it would be possible to restrict the glass size to small, medium, and large. This would make sure that it would not allow anyone to order any size other than small, medium, or large.

Note − Enums can be declared as their own or inside a class. Methods, variables, constructors can be defined inside enums as well.

Java Keywords
The following list shows the reserved words in Java. These reserved words may not be used as constant or variable or any other identifier names. abstract assert boo lean break byte case catch char class const continue default do double else enum extends final finally float forgot if implements import in stance of inter fac elongnative new pack age private protected public return short static strict fps upers witch synchronized this throw throws transienttry void volatile while Comments in Java Java supports single-line and multi-line comments very similar to C and C++. All characters available inside any comment are ignored by Java compiler.

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