Mini CNC Laser Wood Engraver and Laser Paper Cutter.

This is an Instructables on how I made an Arduino based Laser CNC wood engraver and Thin paper cutter using old DVD drives, 250mW laser. Playing area is 40mm x 40mm max.

Isn't it fun making a own machine out of old things?

• Arduino Nano (with usb cable)
• 2x DVD drive stepper mechanism
• 2x A4988 stepper motor driver modules (or GRBL shield)
• 250mW Laser with adjustable lens (or above)
• 12v 2Amps power supply minimum
• 1x IRFZ44N N-CHANNEL Mosfet
• 1x 10k resistor
• 1x 47ohm resistor
• 1x LM7805 voltage regulator (with heatsink)
• Blank PCB Board
• Male and Female Headers
• 2.5mm JST XH-Style 2pin male connector
• 1x 1000uf 16v capacitor
• Jumper cables
• 8x small neodymium magnets ( which I have salvaged from DVD lens mechanism)
• 1x 2pin plug in screw terminal block connector
• Zip ties (100mm)
• Super Glue
• Epoxy Glue
• Wooden plyboard
• Acrylic sheet
• Some M4 screws, bolts and nuts
• Laser Safety Glasses

LASER SAFETY GLASSES are must needed in this project.

Most of all the parts salvaged or are brought from China through a site called BANGGOOD.

Two DVD driver mechanism are required, one for the X-Axis and the second for the Y-axis.

Using a small Phillips head screw driver I removed all the screws and detached stepper motor, the sliding rails and the follower.

The stepper motors are 4-pin Bipolar Stepper Motor.

The small size and low cost of a DVD motor mean that you can't expect high resolution from the motor. That is provided by the lead screw.
Also, not all such motors do 20 steps/rev. 24 is also a common spec. You'll just have to test your motor to see what it does.

Procedure for calculating the resolution of the CD Drive Stepper motor:

In order to measure the resolution of the CD/DVD drive stepper motor, a digital micrometer was used. The distance along the screw was measured. The total length of the screw using a micrometer, which turned out to be 51.56 mm. To determine the lead value which is the distance between two adjacent threads on the screw. The threads were counted to be 12 threads within this distance. Lead = distance between adjacent threads = ( total length / number of threads = 51.56 mm) / 12 = 4.29mm/rev.

The step angle is 18 degrees which corresponds to 20 steps/revolution. Now that all the information needed is available, the resolution of the stepper motor could be calculated as shown below:
Resolution = (Distance between adjacent threads) / (N Steps/rev) = (4.29mm/rev) / (20 steps/rev) = 0.214 mm/step. Which is 3 times better the resolution required which is 0.68mm/step.

For the sliding rails I've used 2 extra rods for the better and smooth performance. The main function of the slider is to slide on rod freely with minimal friction between the rod and the slider.

It took me some time to make the slider glide freely on the rod.

Using some Acrylic sheets I had made two of the main frame for the stepper and the sliding rails. The stepper motor has spacers between the main frame and its base, and it is necessary for the Axis.

First using super glue I've tried adjusting the proper position of the rails, where they should be so that the follower makes proper contact with the stepper thread. The contact should be proper not too tight or not too slag. If the contact is not proper between the follower and the thread, steps will skip or motor will draw more current than usual in running condition. It takes some time in adjusting.

Once its was adjusted, using Epoxy glue I fixed them.

For the stepper motors I've used old usb cable, because it has 4 wire inside and have a cover on it, and it is more flexible and easy to work with.

Using continuity mode in Multimeter determine determine 2 Coil, Coil A and Coil B.

I made 2pairs of wire by selecting colours, one pair for the Coil A and second for the Coil B. Soldered them and used heat shrink tube on it.

X and Y co-ordinates movement.

I've attached the slider of X and Y-axis together in perpendicular to each other, using some spacer between them. And also attached a thin metal grill above it as a working bed. Neodymium magnets are used as work piece holder.

PARTS USED FOR THE DRIVER ARE:

• Arduino Nano.
• 2x A4988 Stepper motor drivers.
• 1x IRFZ44N N-CHANNEL MOSFET.
• 1x LM7805 Voltage regulator with Heatsink.
• 1x 47ohm and 1x 10k resistor.
• 1x 1000uf 16V capacitor.
• 1x 2.5mm JST XH-Style 2pin male connector.
• MALE and FEMALE Header Pins.
• 1x (20mm x 80mm blank PCB).

In GRBL the digital and analog Pins of Arduino are reserved. The 'Step' pin for the X and Y axes is attached to digital pins 2,and 3 respectively. The 'Dir' pin for the X and Y axes is attached to digital pins 5 and 6 respectively. D11 is for laser Enable.

The Arduino gets power through the USB Cable. The A4988 Drivers through external power source. All ground share common connections. VDD of A4988 are connected to 5V of Arduino.

The laser I've used runs on 5V and has built in constant current circuit. For the constant 5V source from the external power supply LM7805 voltage regulator is used. Heatsink is compulsory.

The IRFZ44N N-CHANNEL MOSFET works as an elelctronic switch when receives digital high signal from pin D11 of Arduino.

NOTE: 5V from Arduino nano can't be used beause the laser draws more than 250mA and the Arduino Nano is not capable of delivering that much of current.

Configuring Micro Stepping for Each Axis.

MS0 MS1 MS2 Microstep Resolution.

Low Low Low Full step.

High Low Low Half step.

Low High Low Quarter step.

High High Low Eighth step.

High High High Sixteenth step .

The 3 pins (MS1, MS2 and MS3) are for selecting one of the five step resolutions according to the above truth table. These pins have internal pull-down resistors so if we leave them disconnected, the board will operate in full step mode. I've used the 16th step configuration for smooth and noise free. Most (but certainly not all) stepper motors do 200 full steps per revolution. By appropriately managing the current in the coils it is possible to make the motor move in smaller steps. The Pololu A4988 can make the motor move in 1/16th steps - or 3,200 steps per revolution.The main advantage of microstepping is to reduce the roughness of the motion. The only fully accurate positions are the full-step positions. The motor will not be able to hold a stationary position at one of the intermediate positions with the same position accuracy or with the same holding torque as at the full step positions.Generally speaking when high speeds are required full steps should be used.

I've made a Laser stand out of a long thin metal strip and some Plastic L brackets with some supports. Everything is then mounted on a wooden ply board using M4 screw, nuts and bolts.

Connection of stepper motors to the driver is also done.

The laser I've used is Focusable Laser Module 200-250mW 650nm. The outer metal housing work as a Heatsink for the laser diode. It has focusable lens for the adjustment of laser dot.

Using two Zip-ties I've mounted the laser with the stand. Heatsink for laser also can be used, but my laser wasn't overheating so I din't used it. Connect the laser wire terminal to the laser socket on the driver board.

You can get one Here

To achieve high step rates, the motor supply is typically much higher than would be permissible without active current limiting. For instance, a typical stepper motor might have a maximum current rating of 1A with a 5Ω coil resistance, which would indicate a maximum motor supply of 5 V. Using such a motor with 12 V would allow higher step rates, but the current must actively be limited to under 1A to prevent damage to the motor.

The A4988 supports such active current limiting, and the trimmer potentiometer on the board can be used to set the current limit. One way to set the current limit is to put the driver into full-step mode and to measure the current running through a single motor coil without clocking the STEP input. The measured current will be 0.7 times the current limit (since both coils are always on and limited to 70% of the current limit setting in full-step mode). Please note that changing the logic voltage, Vdd, to a different value will change the current limit setting since the voltage on the “ref” pin is a function of Vdd. Another way to set the current limit is to measure the voltage directly on top of the potentiometer and to calculate the resulting current limit (the current sense resistors are 0.1Ω). The current limit relates to the reference voltage as follows: Current Limit = VREF × 1.25 So, for example, if the reference voltage is 0.6 V, the current limit is 0.75A. As mentioned above, in full step mode, the current through the coils is limited to 70% of the current limit, so to get a full-step coil current of 1A, the current limit should be 1A/0.7=1.4A, which corresponds to a VREF of 1.4A/1.25=1.12 V. See the A4988 datasheet for more information. Note: The coil current can be very different from the power supply current, so you should not use the current measured at the power supply to set the current limit. The appropriate place to put your current meter is in series with one of your stepper motor coils.

Using four small Neodymium magnets lock the working piece on the working bed and set the X and Y-axis to initial position (home). Power up the driver board through External power source, and Arduino Nano to Computer through a USB A to USB Mini B Cable. Also power the board through a external power source.

SAFETY FIRST.

LASER SAFETY GLASSES ARE MUST NEEDED

1. Download the GRBL 1.1, Here,
2. Extract on the desktop the grbl-master folder, you find it in the file master.zip
3. Run the Arduino IDE
4. From the application bar menu, choose: Sketch -> #include Library -> Add Library from file.ZIP
5. Select the folder grbl that you can find inside the grlb-master folder and click on Open
6. The library now is installed and the IDE software will show you this message: The library is added to your library. Check the “libraries Inclusion” menu.
7. Then open an example called "grbl upload" and upload it to your arduino board

Also we need a software to send G-Code to CNC for that I've used the LASER GRBL

LaserGRBL is one of the best Windows GCode streamer for DIY Laser Engraver. LaserGRBL is able to load and stream GCode path to arduino, as well engrave images, pictures and logo with internal conversion tool.

LASER GRBL Download.

LaserGRBL constantly checks for COM ports available on the machine. The list of ports allows you to select the COM port which your control board is connected on.
Please select the proper baud rate for the connection according to your machine firmware configuration (default 115200).

Grbl Settings:

$$ - View Grbl settings

To view the settings, type $$ and press enter after connecting to Grbl. Grbl should respond with a list of the current system settings, as shown in the example below. All of these settings are persistent and kept in EEPROM, so if you power down, these will be loaded back up the next time you power up your Arduino.

$0=10 (step pulse, usec)

$1=25 (step idle delay, msec)

$2=0 (step port invert mask:00000000)

$3=6 (dir port invert mask:00000110)

$4=0 (step enable invert, bool)

$5=0 (limit pins invert, bool)

$6=0 (probe pin invert, bool)

$10=3 (status report mask:00000011)

$11=0.020 (junction deviation, mm)

$12=0.002 (arc tolerance, mm)

$13=0 (report inches, bool)

$20=0 (soft limits, bool)

$21=0 (hard limits, bool)

$22=0 (homing cycle, bool)

$23=1 (homing dir invert mask:00000001)

$24=50.000 (homing feed, mm/min)

$25=635.000 (homing seek, mm/min)

$26=250 (homing debounce, msec)

$27=1.000 (homing pull-off, mm)

$100=314.961 (x, step/mm)

$101=314.961 (y, step/mm)

$102=314.961 (z, step/mm)

$110=635.000 (x max rate, mm/min)

$111=635.000 (y max rate, mm/min)

$112=635.000 (z max rate, mm/min)

$120=50.000 (x accel, mm/sec^2)

$121=50.000 (y accel, mm/sec^2)

$122=50.000 (z accel, mm/sec^2)

$130=225.000 (x max travel, mm)

$131=125.000 (y max travel, mm)

$132=170.000 (z max travel, mm)

Here comes the Most Difficult part of the Project.

-Adjusting the laser beam into the smallest dot possible on the work piece. This is the Trickiest part which require time and patience using trail and error method.

-Tweaking the GRBL settings for $100, $101, $130 and $131

my setting for the GRBL is,

$100=110.000

$101=110.000

$130=40.000

$131=40.000

I tried engraving a square of 40mm sides and after so many error and tweaking the setting of grbl, I get the proper 40mm line engraved from the both X and Y-axis. If the resolution of X and Y-Axis are not same the image will scale in either direction.

Keep in mind not all Stepper motor From DVD Drives are the same

It is lengthy and time consuming process but the results are so satisfying when tweaked.

LaserGRBL user interface

• Connection control: here you can select serial port and proper baud rate for connection, according to grbl firmware configuration.
• File control: this show loaded filename and engraving process progress. The green “Play” button will start program execution.
• Manual commands: you can type any G-Code line here and press “enter”. Commands will be enqueued to command queue.
• Command log and command return codes: show enqueued commands and their execution status and errors.
• Jogging control: allow manual positioning of the laser. The left vertical slider control movement speed, right slider control step size.
• Engraving preview: this area show final work preview. During engraving a small blue cross will show current laser position at runtime.
• Grbl reset/homing/unlock: this buttons submit soft-reset, homing and unlock command to grbl board. On the right of unlock button you can add some user defined buttons.

• Feed hold and resume: this buttons can suspend and resume program execution sending Feed Hold or Resume command to grbl board.

• Line count and time projection: LaserGRBL could estimate program execution time based on actual speed and job progress.

• Overrides status an control: show and change actual speed and power override. Overrides is a new feature of grbl v1.1 and is not supported in older version.

Raster import allows you to load an image of any kind in LaserGRBL and turn it GCode instructions without the need of other software. LaserGRBL supports photos, clip art, pencil drawings, logos, icons and try to do the best with any kind of image.

It can be recalled from “File, Open File” menu by selecting an image of type jpg, png or bmp

The setting for engraving is different for all materials.

Define the engraving speed per mm and Quality- lines per mm

Video Attached is the time-lapse of the whole process.

This 250mW Laser is Also capable of cutting thin papers, but the speed should be very low i.e. not more than 15mm/min and laser beam should be properly adjusted.

Video Attached is the time-lapse of the whole process.

I have made some Custom vinyl sticker. Boarder speed changes with respect to the colour of the vinyl used.

Dark colours are the easy to work with while the Lighter colours are some tricky.

The above Images demonstrate how to use vinyl sticker which are made using the CNC.

♥ Special thanks to the GRBL Developers :)

I hope you liked this project, let me know in the comments if any queries,

I would like to see photos of your CNC machines too!

Thanks!! for Your support.